Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors offer a versatile platform for a wide range of applications in biotechnology industries. These reactors employ hollow fibers as the primary membrane to facilitate mass transfer between compartments. The distinct design of hollow fiber membranes enables high surface area per unit volume, leading to enhanced producti

PVDF membrane bioreactors represent a promising technology for wastewater remediation. These systems offer several advantages, including high removal rates of organic pollutants, minimal sludge formation, and enhanced water quality. Additionally, PVDF membranes are known for their durability, making them suitable for long-term deployment. To evalua